http://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Lambertd&feedformat=atomClinfowiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-19T12:09:50ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.22.4http://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Clinical_Informatics_FellowshipClinical Informatics Fellowship2014-10-28T16:49:26Z<p>Lambertd: /* ACGME Accredited Fellowships */ Corrected Hyerlinks in this section</p>
<hr />
<div>In 2011, Clinical Informatics (CI) was recognized as a subspecialty by the [http://www.abms.org/ American Board of Medical Specialties] (ABMS), as detailed by the [http://www.amia.org/clinical-informatics-board-review-course/history/ American Medical Informatics Association] (AMIA). For more information on Clinical Informatics as a Medical Subspecialty, see [[Medical Subspecialty Board of Clinical Informatics]]. In 2014, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education [https://www.acgme.org/acgmeweb/ (ACGME)] published it’s official [http://www.acgme.org/acgmeweb/Portals/0/PFAssets/ProgramRequirements/381_clinical_informatics_2016.pdf/CI fellowship program requirements document].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Program Duration ==<br />
<br />
CI fellowship program must be 24 months (2 years) in length and must be completed by the fellow within 48 months.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Program Administration ==<br />
<br />
CI fellowship programs must be administratively integrated within one of the following ACGME residency programs:<br />
<br />
1. Anesthesiology<br />
<br />
2. Diagnostic Radiology<br />
<br />
3. Emergency Medicine<br />
<br />
4. Internal Medicine<br />
<br />
5. Medical Genetics<br />
<br />
6. Pathology<br />
<br />
7. Pediatrics<br />
<br />
8. Preventative Medicine<br />
<br />
Therefore, CI fellowship programs can be reviewed by residency review committees (RRCs) from any of the above listed specialties, and do not have their own RRC.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Program Leadership ==<br />
<br />
A single program director is responsible and held accountable for operation of the CI fellowship program. The program director must hold current board-certification in the subspecialty of clinical informatics, or in a subspecialty that is acceptable to the RRC. They must also have at least 3 years of experience working in clinical informatics.<br />
<br />
There must be at least 2 faculty members in addition to the program director, who are qualified to instruct and supervise fellows at each participating site.<br />
<br />
The program direct and faculty members should devote at least 2 full-time equivalents (FTE) towards program administration and education. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Fellow Eligibility ==<br />
<br />
Each fellow must have completed an ACGME-accredited residency program, or an equivalently accredited Canadian residency program.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Educational Program Outline ==<br />
<br />
Must have clearly delineated competency-based goals and objectives that are made available to fellows and faculty on an annual basis.<br />
Must have regularly didactic sessions, which can be taught locally or through distance education programs. The most widely used distance program is offered through [http://www.ohsu.edu/xd/education/schools/school-of-medicine/departments/clinical-departments/dmice/educational-programs/ Oregon Health & Science University], which offers a graduate certificate program in CI that is closely mapped to the competencies tested on the CI subspecialty board exam.<br />
<br />
'''EDUCATIONAL COMPETENCIES'''<br />
<br />
Based on the 6 core ACGME competencies:<br />
<br />
1) '''Patient care and procedural skills''' - Fellows should be competent in leveraging information and communication technology across the dimensions of healthcare to improve patient care processes and outcomes.<br />
<br />
2) '''Medical knowledge''' - Fellows must demonstrate knowledge of principles and theory of informatics as well as application of this knowledge to patient care.<br />
<br />
3) '''Practice-based learning and improvement''' - Fellows must develop skills and habits that promote lifelong learning.<br />
<br />
4) '''Interpersonal and communication skills''' - Fellows must demonstrate effective communication skills that allow them to serve as liaisons between healthcare providers and information technologists.<br />
<br />
5) '''Professionalism''' - Fellows must be committed to carrying out professional responsibilities and adhering to ethical principles as well as being able to recognize and prevent security breaches while showing sensitivity to the impact of information system changes.<br />
<br />
6) '''Systems-based practice''' - Fellows must be aware and responsive to the large context of the healthcare system by recognizing their role in care coordination, cost awareness, identification of system errors and should identify and improve the impact of systems on clinical care.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Fellow Scholarship Expectation ==<br />
<br />
Fellows should participate in scholarly activity including at least one of the following:<br />
<br />
- Peer-reviewed funding and research<br />
<br />
- Publication of original research or review articles<br />
<br />
- Presentations at local/regional/national professional and scientific society meetings<br />
<br />
<br />
== Fellow Clinical Responsibility ==<br />
<br />
May be performed in the fellow’s primary specialty area of practice.<br />
Must be based on PGY-level, patient safety, fellow education, severity and complexity of patient illness/condition.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Fellowship Program Evaluation ==<br />
<br />
Must occur at the level of the fellow, the faculty, and also the fellowship program as a whole.<br />
<br />
- Fellows should be evaluated semi-annually by a Clinical Competency Committee of 3 program faculty<br />
<br />
- Annual Faculty evaluations<br />
<br />
- Ongoing evaluation of the program by 2 faculty and 1 fellow who comprise the Program Evaluation Committee<br />
<br />
<br />
== ACGME Accredited Fellowships ==<br />
<br />
In July, 2014, the [http://systemsmedicine.stanford.edu/education/CI-Fellowship.html CI fellowship at Stanford] was the first program in the nation to become ACGME accredited. See press release [http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2014/08/nations-first-accredited-clinical-informatics-fellowship-launche.html/ here].<br />
<br />
Subsequent CI Fellowship Programs that received ACGME accreditation:<br />
<br />
- [http://pathology.uic.edu/education/Informatics.asp University of Illinois at Chicago]<br />
<br />
- [http://www.ohsu.edu/xd/education/schools/school-of-medicine/departments/clinical-departments/dmice/educational-programs/clinical-informatics-fellows.cfm/ Oregon Health & Science University]<br />
<br />
- [https://www.regenstrief.org/cbmi/bmi-training-opportunities/clinical Regenstrief Institute]<br />
<br />
== Sources and Useful Resources ==<br />
<br />
1. ACGME Program Requirements for Graduate Medical Education in Clinical Informatics [http://www.acgme.org/acgmeweb/Portals/0/PFAssets/ProgramRequirements/381_clinical_informatics_2016.pdf]<br />
<br />
2. Frequently Asked Questions: Clinical Informatics [http://www.acgme.org/acgmeweb/Portals/0/PDFs/FAQ/381_clinical_informatics_FAQs.pdf]<br />
<br />
3. Blog post by [http://skynet.ohsu.edu/~hersh/ Dr. William Hersh] summarizing ACGME CI Fellowship Program Draft [http://informaticsprofessor.blogspot.com/2013/08/acgme-releases-draft-clinical.html]<br />
<br />
<br />
Submitted by Veena Goel, M.D.<br />
<br />
[[Category:BMI512-FALL-14]]</div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Clinical_Informatics_FellowshipClinical Informatics Fellowship2014-10-28T16:48:35Z<p>Lambertd: /* ACGME Accredited Fellowships */ Updated CI fellowship at Stanford link...</p>
<hr />
<div>In 2011, Clinical Informatics (CI) was recognized as a subspecialty by the [http://www.abms.org/ American Board of Medical Specialties] (ABMS), as detailed by the [http://www.amia.org/clinical-informatics-board-review-course/history/ American Medical Informatics Association] (AMIA). For more information on Clinical Informatics as a Medical Subspecialty, see [[Medical Subspecialty Board of Clinical Informatics]]. In 2014, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education [https://www.acgme.org/acgmeweb/ (ACGME)] published it’s official [http://www.acgme.org/acgmeweb/Portals/0/PFAssets/ProgramRequirements/381_clinical_informatics_2016.pdf/CI fellowship program requirements document].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Program Duration ==<br />
<br />
CI fellowship program must be 24 months (2 years) in length and must be completed by the fellow within 48 months.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Program Administration ==<br />
<br />
CI fellowship programs must be administratively integrated within one of the following ACGME residency programs:<br />
<br />
1. Anesthesiology<br />
<br />
2. Diagnostic Radiology<br />
<br />
3. Emergency Medicine<br />
<br />
4. Internal Medicine<br />
<br />
5. Medical Genetics<br />
<br />
6. Pathology<br />
<br />
7. Pediatrics<br />
<br />
8. Preventative Medicine<br />
<br />
Therefore, CI fellowship programs can be reviewed by residency review committees (RRCs) from any of the above listed specialties, and do not have their own RRC.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Program Leadership ==<br />
<br />
A single program director is responsible and held accountable for operation of the CI fellowship program. The program director must hold current board-certification in the subspecialty of clinical informatics, or in a subspecialty that is acceptable to the RRC. They must also have at least 3 years of experience working in clinical informatics.<br />
<br />
There must be at least 2 faculty members in addition to the program director, who are qualified to instruct and supervise fellows at each participating site.<br />
<br />
The program direct and faculty members should devote at least 2 full-time equivalents (FTE) towards program administration and education. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Fellow Eligibility ==<br />
<br />
Each fellow must have completed an ACGME-accredited residency program, or an equivalently accredited Canadian residency program.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Educational Program Outline ==<br />
<br />
Must have clearly delineated competency-based goals and objectives that are made available to fellows and faculty on an annual basis.<br />
Must have regularly didactic sessions, which can be taught locally or through distance education programs. The most widely used distance program is offered through [http://www.ohsu.edu/xd/education/schools/school-of-medicine/departments/clinical-departments/dmice/educational-programs/ Oregon Health & Science University], which offers a graduate certificate program in CI that is closely mapped to the competencies tested on the CI subspecialty board exam.<br />
<br />
'''EDUCATIONAL COMPETENCIES'''<br />
<br />
Based on the 6 core ACGME competencies:<br />
<br />
1) '''Patient care and procedural skills''' - Fellows should be competent in leveraging information and communication technology across the dimensions of healthcare to improve patient care processes and outcomes.<br />
<br />
2) '''Medical knowledge''' - Fellows must demonstrate knowledge of principles and theory of informatics as well as application of this knowledge to patient care.<br />
<br />
3) '''Practice-based learning and improvement''' - Fellows must develop skills and habits that promote lifelong learning.<br />
<br />
4) '''Interpersonal and communication skills''' - Fellows must demonstrate effective communication skills that allow them to serve as liaisons between healthcare providers and information technologists.<br />
<br />
5) '''Professionalism''' - Fellows must be committed to carrying out professional responsibilities and adhering to ethical principles as well as being able to recognize and prevent security breaches while showing sensitivity to the impact of information system changes.<br />
<br />
6) '''Systems-based practice''' - Fellows must be aware and responsive to the large context of the healthcare system by recognizing their role in care coordination, cost awareness, identification of system errors and should identify and improve the impact of systems on clinical care.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Fellow Scholarship Expectation ==<br />
<br />
Fellows should participate in scholarly activity including at least one of the following:<br />
<br />
- Peer-reviewed funding and research<br />
<br />
- Publication of original research or review articles<br />
<br />
- Presentations at local/regional/national professional and scientific society meetings<br />
<br />
<br />
== Fellow Clinical Responsibility ==<br />
<br />
May be performed in the fellow’s primary specialty area of practice.<br />
Must be based on PGY-level, patient safety, fellow education, severity and complexity of patient illness/condition.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Fellowship Program Evaluation ==<br />
<br />
Must occur at the level of the fellow, the faculty, and also the fellowship program as a whole.<br />
<br />
- Fellows should be evaluated semi-annually by a Clinical Competency Committee of 3 program faculty<br />
<br />
- Annual Faculty evaluations<br />
<br />
- Ongoing evaluation of the program by 2 faculty and 1 fellow who comprise the Program Evaluation Committee<br />
<br />
<br />
== ACGME Accredited Fellowships ==<br />
<br />
In July, 2014, the [http://systemsmedicine.stanford.edu/education/CI-Fellowship.html CI fellowship at Stanford] was the first program in the nation to become ACGME accredited. See press release [http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2014/08/nations-first-accredited-clinical-informatics-fellowship-launche.html/ here].<br />
<br />
Subsequent CI Fellowship Programs that received ACGME accreditation:<br />
<br />
- [http://pathology.uic.edu/education/Informatics.asp/ University of Illinois at Chicago]<br />
<br />
- [http://www.ohsu.edu/xd/education/schools/school-of-medicine/departments/clinical-departments/dmice/educational-programs/clinical-informatics-fellows.cfm/ Oregon Health & Science University]<br />
<br />
- [https://www.regenstrief.org/cbmi/bmi-training-opportunities/clinical/ Regenstrief Institute]<br />
<br />
== Sources and Useful Resources ==<br />
<br />
1. ACGME Program Requirements for Graduate Medical Education in Clinical Informatics [http://www.acgme.org/acgmeweb/Portals/0/PFAssets/ProgramRequirements/381_clinical_informatics_2016.pdf]<br />
<br />
2. Frequently Asked Questions: Clinical Informatics [http://www.acgme.org/acgmeweb/Portals/0/PDFs/FAQ/381_clinical_informatics_FAQs.pdf]<br />
<br />
3. Blog post by [http://skynet.ohsu.edu/~hersh/ Dr. William Hersh] summarizing ACGME CI Fellowship Program Draft [http://informaticsprofessor.blogspot.com/2013/08/acgme-releases-draft-clinical.html]<br />
<br />
<br />
Submitted by Veena Goel, M.D.<br />
<br />
[[Category:BMI512-FALL-14]]</div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Clinical_Informatics_FellowshipClinical Informatics Fellowship2014-10-28T16:43:45Z<p>Lambertd: /* ACGME Accredited Fellowships */ Updated CI fellowship at Stanford link...</p>
<hr />
<div>In 2011, Clinical Informatics (CI) was recognized as a subspecialty by the [http://www.abms.org/ American Board of Medical Specialties] (ABMS), as detailed by the [http://www.amia.org/clinical-informatics-board-review-course/history/ American Medical Informatics Association] (AMIA). For more information on Clinical Informatics as a Medical Subspecialty, see [[Medical Subspecialty Board of Clinical Informatics]]. In 2014, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education [https://www.acgme.org/acgmeweb/ (ACGME)] published it’s official [http://www.acgme.org/acgmeweb/Portals/0/PFAssets/ProgramRequirements/381_clinical_informatics_2016.pdf/CI fellowship program requirements document].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Program Duration ==<br />
<br />
CI fellowship program must be 24 months (2 years) in length and must be completed by the fellow within 48 months.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Program Administration ==<br />
<br />
CI fellowship programs must be administratively integrated within one of the following ACGME residency programs:<br />
<br />
1. Anesthesiology<br />
<br />
2. Diagnostic Radiology<br />
<br />
3. Emergency Medicine<br />
<br />
4. Internal Medicine<br />
<br />
5. Medical Genetics<br />
<br />
6. Pathology<br />
<br />
7. Pediatrics<br />
<br />
8. Preventative Medicine<br />
<br />
Therefore, CI fellowship programs can be reviewed by residency review committees (RRCs) from any of the above listed specialties, and do not have their own RRC.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Program Leadership ==<br />
<br />
A single program director is responsible and held accountable for operation of the CI fellowship program. The program director must hold current board-certification in the subspecialty of clinical informatics, or in a subspecialty that is acceptable to the RRC. They must also have at least 3 years of experience working in clinical informatics.<br />
<br />
There must be at least 2 faculty members in addition to the program director, who are qualified to instruct and supervise fellows at each participating site.<br />
<br />
The program direct and faculty members should devote at least 2 full-time equivalents (FTE) towards program administration and education. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Fellow Eligibility ==<br />
<br />
Each fellow must have completed an ACGME-accredited residency program, or an equivalently accredited Canadian residency program.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Educational Program Outline ==<br />
<br />
Must have clearly delineated competency-based goals and objectives that are made available to fellows and faculty on an annual basis.<br />
Must have regularly didactic sessions, which can be taught locally or through distance education programs. The most widely used distance program is offered through [http://www.ohsu.edu/xd/education/schools/school-of-medicine/departments/clinical-departments/dmice/educational-programs/ Oregon Health & Science University], which offers a graduate certificate program in CI that is closely mapped to the competencies tested on the CI subspecialty board exam.<br />
<br />
'''EDUCATIONAL COMPETENCIES'''<br />
<br />
Based on the 6 core ACGME competencies:<br />
<br />
1) '''Patient care and procedural skills''' - Fellows should be competent in leveraging information and communication technology across the dimensions of healthcare to improve patient care processes and outcomes.<br />
<br />
2) '''Medical knowledge''' - Fellows must demonstrate knowledge of principles and theory of informatics as well as application of this knowledge to patient care.<br />
<br />
3) '''Practice-based learning and improvement''' - Fellows must develop skills and habits that promote lifelong learning.<br />
<br />
4) '''Interpersonal and communication skills''' - Fellows must demonstrate effective communication skills that allow them to serve as liaisons between healthcare providers and information technologists.<br />
<br />
5) '''Professionalism''' - Fellows must be committed to carrying out professional responsibilities and adhering to ethical principles as well as being able to recognize and prevent security breaches while showing sensitivity to the impact of information system changes.<br />
<br />
6) '''Systems-based practice''' - Fellows must be aware and responsive to the large context of the healthcare system by recognizing their role in care coordination, cost awareness, identification of system errors and should identify and improve the impact of systems on clinical care.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Fellow Scholarship Expectation ==<br />
<br />
Fellows should participate in scholarly activity including at least one of the following:<br />
<br />
- Peer-reviewed funding and research<br />
<br />
- Publication of original research or review articles<br />
<br />
- Presentations at local/regional/national professional and scientific society meetings<br />
<br />
<br />
== Fellow Clinical Responsibility ==<br />
<br />
May be performed in the fellow’s primary specialty area of practice.<br />
Must be based on PGY-level, patient safety, fellow education, severity and complexity of patient illness/condition.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Fellowship Program Evaluation ==<br />
<br />
Must occur at the level of the fellow, the faculty, and also the fellowship program as a whole.<br />
<br />
- Fellows should be evaluated semi-annually by a Clinical Competency Committee of 3 program faculty<br />
<br />
- Annual Faculty evaluations<br />
<br />
- Ongoing evaluation of the program by 2 faculty and 1 fellow who comprise the Program Evaluation Committee<br />
<br />
<br />
== ACGME Accredited Fellowships ==<br />
<br />
In July, 2014, the [http://systemsmedicine.stanford.edu/education/CI-Fellowship.html/ CI fellowship at Stanford] was the first program in the nation to become ACGME accredited. See press release [http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2014/08/nations-first-accredited-clinical-informatics-fellowship-launche.html/ here].<br />
<br />
Subsequent CI Fellowship Programs that received ACGME accreditation:<br />
<br />
- [http://pathology.uic.edu/education/Informatics.asp/ University of Illinois at Chicago]<br />
<br />
- [http://www.ohsu.edu/xd/education/schools/school-of-medicine/departments/clinical-departments/dmice/educational-programs/clinical-informatics-fellows.cfm/ Oregon Health & Science University]<br />
<br />
- [https://www.regenstrief.org/cbmi/bmi-training-opportunities/clinical/ Regenstrief Institute]<br />
<br />
== Sources and Useful Resources ==<br />
<br />
1. ACGME Program Requirements for Graduate Medical Education in Clinical Informatics [http://www.acgme.org/acgmeweb/Portals/0/PFAssets/ProgramRequirements/381_clinical_informatics_2016.pdf]<br />
<br />
2. Frequently Asked Questions: Clinical Informatics [http://www.acgme.org/acgmeweb/Portals/0/PDFs/FAQ/381_clinical_informatics_FAQs.pdf]<br />
<br />
3. Blog post by [http://skynet.ohsu.edu/~hersh/ Dr. William Hersh] summarizing ACGME CI Fellowship Program Draft [http://informaticsprofessor.blogspot.com/2013/08/acgme-releases-draft-clinical.html]<br />
<br />
<br />
Submitted by Veena Goel, M.D.<br />
<br />
[[Category:BMI512-FALL-14]]</div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-28T16:40:14Z<p>Lambertd: /* Applications */ Updated organ on a chip functionalities; added "tumor on a chip"</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip (LOC) is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a type of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
LOC's are mostly manufactured via photolithography.<ref name="sixth">Lab-on-a-chip - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip</ref> The physical chip devices have been constructed from an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments resulting in set of micro-channels etched or molded into a material.<ref>Microfluidics and microfluidic devices: a review | Elveflow microfluidic instruments [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-reviews-and-tutorials/microfluidics-and-microfluidic-devices-a-review.</ref> Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, it's hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials may be achieved reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic flow occurs primarily through electroosmotic flow but also pressure drive flow via micro-pumping mechanisms.<ref>1. Microfluidic Flow. Fundamentals of Microfluidics and Lab on a Chip for Biological Analysis and Discovery [Internet]. CRC Press; 2010 [cited 2014 Oct 27]. p. 47–86. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15110-4</ref> LOC's function through the phased introduction of reagents into a matrix of micro-flow channels resulting in a qualitative or quantitative determination.<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
LOCs often times replicate the same capability as macro-scale assays which may have resulted in their limited use. However, the size and portability of these devices does have compelling advantages and in some instances they are the only possible solution. µTAS systems already in use, such as home use pregnancy tests and/or glucometers, have enjoyed great acceptance and usage by the public. Sackmann et al group these devices into 3 broad categories: diagnostic devices for low resource settings, rapid processing of biofluids for research and clinical applications, and more physiologically relevant in vitro models for drug discovery, diagnostics, and research applications. Examples of which include ELISA-like assays for HIV, purification of neutrophils, and in vitro simulation of organs to wit "organ on a chip" for drug development, respectively.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
µTAS systems are also showing promise in non-invasive diagnosis of cancers that are difficult to detect. He et al have shown that microfluidic circuits can effectively isolate exosomes from plasma samples of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The exosomes are bound by antibody for insulin growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) attached to micro-magnetic spheres allowing for isolation and identification, followed by lysis and determination by immunofluorescence of protein contents. This same process, known as "liquid biopsy", may prove equally as sensitive and specific for other epithelial neoplasms which also produce exosomes with surface IGF-1R, i.e. squamous cell carcinoma, etc., possibly providing a means for early detection of occult neoplasia.<ref>M. He, J. Crow, M Roth, Y. Zeng and A. K. Godwin, Lab Chip, 2014. Manuscript accepted for publication. DOI: 10.1039/C4LC00662C</ref><br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are:<ref name="first"></ref><ref name="sixth"></ref><br />
<br />
* to reduce the sample volume substantially<br />
* to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples<br />
* to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates<br />
* to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment <br />
* they have been shown to be sensitive and specific, but also relatively quick in determination.<br />
* faster analysis<br />
* compact size<br />
* parallelization allowing for high-throughput analysis<br />
* low fabrication cost<br />
* safe platform for chemical, biologic, and radioactive studies<br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
Some of the disadvantages of LOCs are:<ref name ="sixth"></ref><br />
* novel technology and therefore not yet fully developed<br />
* physical and chemical effects—like capillary forces, surface roughness, chemical interactions of construction materials on reaction processes—become more dominant on small-scale. This can sometimes make processes in LOCs more complex than in conventional lab equipment<br />
* detection principles may not always scale down in a positive way, leading to low signal to noise ratios<br />
* although the absolute geometric accuracies and precision in micro-fabrication are high, they are often rather poor in a relative way, compared to precision engineering for instance.<br />
<br />
== Applications ==<br />
<br />
There are numerous existing and potential applications for LOC in healthcare informatics as components of clinical integration and innovation. The data from these determinations could be easily incorporated into PHR and EHR databases as highly structured data embedded on the chip. Examples include:<br />
* Glucometer<br />
* At home pregnancy tests<br />
* Chemotaxis assays<br />
* Organ on a Chip (liver, kidney, muscle, brain)<br />
* Tumor on a Chip<br />
* Non-invasive cancer screening - "Liquid biopsy"<br />
* Serum chemistry and hematology determinations<br />
* Serum toxicology screening<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
<br />
Submitted by David M. H. Lambert<br />
<br />
[[Category:BMI512-FALL-14]]</div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-28T04:20:53Z<p>Lambertd: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip (LOC) is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a type of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
LOC's are mostly manufactured via photolithography.<ref name="sixth">Lab-on-a-chip - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip</ref> The physical chip devices have been constructed from an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments resulting in set of micro-channels etched or molded into a material.<ref>Microfluidics and microfluidic devices: a review | Elveflow microfluidic instruments [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-reviews-and-tutorials/microfluidics-and-microfluidic-devices-a-review.</ref> Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, it's hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials may be achieved reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic flow occurs primarily through electroosmotic flow but also pressure drive flow via micro-pumping mechanisms.<ref>1. Microfluidic Flow. Fundamentals of Microfluidics and Lab on a Chip for Biological Analysis and Discovery [Internet]. CRC Press; 2010 [cited 2014 Oct 27]. p. 47–86. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15110-4</ref> LOC's function through the phased introduction of reagents into a matrix of micro-flow channels resulting in a qualitative or quantitative determination.<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
LOCs often times replicate the same capability as macro-scale assays which may have resulted in their limited use. However, the size and portability of these devices does have compelling advantages and in some instances they are the only possible solution. µTAS systems already in use, such as home use pregnancy tests and/or glucometers, have enjoyed great acceptance and usage by the public. Sackmann et al group these devices into 3 broad categories: diagnostic devices for low resource settings, rapid processing of biofluids for research and clinical applications, and more physiologically relevant in vitro models for drug discovery, diagnostics, and research applications. Examples of which include ELISA-like assays for HIV, purification of neutrophils, and in vitro simulation of organs to wit "organ on a chip" for drug development, respectively.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
µTAS systems are also showing promise in non-invasive diagnosis of cancers that are difficult to detect. He et al have shown that microfluidic circuits can effectively isolate exosomes from plasma samples of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The exosomes are bound by antibody for insulin growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) attached to micro-magnetic spheres allowing for isolation and identification, followed by lysis and determination by immunofluorescence of protein contents. This same process, known as "liquid biopsy", may prove equally as sensitive and specific for other epithelial neoplasms which also produce exosomes with surface IGF-1R, i.e. squamous cell carcinoma, etc., possibly providing a means for early detection of occult neoplasia.<ref>M. He, J. Crow, M Roth, Y. Zeng and A. K. Godwin, Lab Chip, 2014. Manuscript accepted for publication. DOI: 10.1039/C4LC00662C</ref><br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are:<ref name="first"></ref><ref name="sixth"></ref><br />
<br />
* to reduce the sample volume substantially<br />
* to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples<br />
* to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates<br />
* to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment <br />
* they have been shown to be sensitive and specific, but also relatively quick in determination.<br />
* faster analysis<br />
* compact size<br />
* parallelization allowing for high-throughput analysis<br />
* low fabrication cost<br />
* safe platform for chemical, biologic, and radioactive studies<br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
Some of the disadvantages of LOCs are:<ref name ="sixth"></ref><br />
* novel technology and therefore not yet fully developed<br />
* physical and chemical effects—like capillary forces, surface roughness, chemical interactions of construction materials on reaction processes—become more dominant on small-scale. This can sometimes make processes in LOCs more complex than in conventional lab equipment<br />
* detection principles may not always scale down in a positive way, leading to low signal to noise ratios<br />
* although the absolute geometric accuracies and precision in micro-fabrication are high, they are often rather poor in a relative way, compared to precision engineering for instance.<br />
<br />
== Applications ==<br />
<br />
There are numerous existing and potential applications for LOC in healthcare informatics as components of clinical integration and innovation. The data from these determinations could be easily incorporated into PHR and EHR databases as highly structured data embedded on the chip. Examples include:<br />
* Glucometer<br />
* At home pregnancy tests<br />
* Chemotaxis assays<br />
* Organ on a Chip functionalities<br />
* Non-invasive cancer screening - "Liquid biopsy"<br />
* Serum chemistry and hematology determinations<br />
* Serum toxicology screening<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
<br />
Submitted by David M. H. Lambert<br />
<br />
[[Category:BMI512-FALL-14]]</div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T21:12:00Z<p>Lambertd: /* Applications */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip (LOC) is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a type of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
LOC's are mostly manufactured via photolithography.<ref name="sixth">Lab-on-a-chip - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip</ref> The physical chip devices have been constructed from an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments resulting in set of micro-channels etched or molded into a material.<ref>Microfluidics and microfluidic devices: a review | Elveflow microfluidic instruments [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-reviews-and-tutorials/microfluidics-and-microfluidic-devices-a-review.</ref> Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, it's hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials may be achieved reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic flow occurs primarily through electroosmotic flow but also pressure drive flow via micro-pumping mechanisms.<ref>1. Microfluidic Flow. Fundamentals of Microfluidics and Lab on a Chip for Biological Analysis and Discovery [Internet]. CRC Press; 2010 [cited 2014 Oct 27]. p. 47–86. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15110-4</ref> LOC's function through the phased introduction of reagents into a matrix of micro-flow channels resulting in a qualitative or quantitative determination.<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
LOCs often times replicate the same capability as macro-scale assays which may have resulted in their limited use. However, the size and portability of these devices does have compelling advantages and in some instances they are the only possible solution. µTAS systems already in use, such as home use pregnancy tests and/or glucometers, have enjoyed great acceptance and usage by the public. Sackmann et al group these devices into 3 broad categories: diagnostic devices for low resource settings, rapid processing of biofluids for research and clinical applications, and more physiologically relevant in vitro models for drug discovery, diagnostics, and research applications. Examples of which include ELISA-like assays for HIV, purification of neutrophils, and in vitro simulation of organs to wit "organ on a chip" for drug development, respectively.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
µTAS systems are also showing promise in non-invasive diagnosis of cancers that are difficult to detect. He et al have shown that microfluidic circuits can effectively isolate exosomes from plasma samples of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The exosomes are bound by antibody for insulin growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) attached to micro-magnetic spheres allowing for isolation and identification, followed by lysis and determination by immunofluorescence of protein contents. This same process, known as "liquid biopsy", may prove equally as sensitive and specific for other epithelial neoplasms which also produce exosomes with surface IGF-1R, i.e. squamous cell carcinoma, etc., possibly providing a means for early detection of occult neoplasia.<ref>M. He, J. Crow, M Roth, Y. Zeng and A. K. Godwin, Lab Chip, 2014. Manuscript accepted for publication. DOI: 10.1039/C4LC00662C</ref><br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are:<ref name="first"></ref><ref name="sixth"></ref><br />
<br />
* to reduce the sample volume substantially<br />
* to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples<br />
* to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates<br />
* to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment <br />
* they have been shown to be sensitive and specific, but also relatively quick in determination.<br />
* faster analysis<br />
* compact size<br />
* parallelization allowing for high-throughput analysis<br />
* low fabrication cost<br />
* safe platform for chemical, biologic, and radioactive studies<br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
Some of the disadvantages of LOCs are:<ref name ="sixth"></ref><br />
* novel technology and therefore not yet fully developed<br />
* physical and chemical effects—like capillary forces, surface roughness, chemical interactions of construction materials on reaction processes—become more dominant on small-scale. This can sometimes make processes in LOCs more complex than in conventional lab equipment<br />
* detection principles may not always scale down in a positive way, leading to low signal to noise ratios<br />
* although the absolute geometric accuracies and precision in micro-fabrication are high, they are often rather poor in a relative way, compared to precision engineering for instance.<br />
<br />
== Applications ==<br />
<br />
There are numerous existing and potential applications for LOC in healthcare informatics as components of clinical integration and innovation. The data from these determinations could be easily incorporated into PHR and EHR databases as highly structured data embedded on the chip. Examples include:<br />
* Glucometer<br />
* At home pregnancy tests<br />
* Chemotaxis assays<br />
* Organ on a Chip functionalities<br />
* Non-invasive cancer screening - "Liquid biopsy"<br />
* Serum chemistry and hematology determinations<br />
* Serum toxicology screening<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
<br />
Submitted by (David M. H. Lambert)<br />
<br />
[[Category:BMI512-FALL-14]]</div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T20:59:18Z<p>Lambertd: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip (LOC) is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a type of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
LOC's are mostly manufactured via photolithography.<ref name="sixth">Lab-on-a-chip - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip</ref> The physical chip devices have been constructed from an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments resulting in set of micro-channels etched or molded into a material.<ref>Microfluidics and microfluidic devices: a review | Elveflow microfluidic instruments [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-reviews-and-tutorials/microfluidics-and-microfluidic-devices-a-review.</ref> Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, it's hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials may be achieved reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic flow occurs primarily through electroosmotic flow but also pressure drive flow via micro-pumping mechanisms.<ref>1. Microfluidic Flow. Fundamentals of Microfluidics and Lab on a Chip for Biological Analysis and Discovery [Internet]. CRC Press; 2010 [cited 2014 Oct 27]. p. 47–86. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15110-4</ref> LOC's function through the phased introduction of reagents into a matrix of micro-flow channels resulting in a qualitative or quantitative determination.<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
LOCs often times replicate the same capability as macro-scale assays which may have resulted in their limited use. However, the size and portability of these devices does have compelling advantages and in some instances they are the only possible solution. µTAS systems already in use, such as home use pregnancy tests and/or glucometers, have enjoyed great acceptance and usage by the public. Sackmann et al group these devices into 3 broad categories: diagnostic devices for low resource settings, rapid processing of biofluids for research and clinical applications, and more physiologically relevant in vitro models for drug discovery, diagnostics, and research applications. Examples of which include ELISA-like assays for HIV, purification of neutrophils, and in vitro simulation of organs to wit "organ on a chip" for drug development, respectively.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
µTAS systems are also showing promise in non-invasive diagnosis of cancers that are difficult to detect. He et al have shown that microfluidic circuits can effectively isolate exosomes from plasma samples of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The exosomes are bound by antibody for insulin growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) attached to micro-magnetic spheres allowing for isolation and identification, followed by lysis and determination by immunofluorescence of protein contents. This same process, known as "liquid biopsy", may prove equally as sensitive and specific for other epithelial neoplasms which also produce exosomes with surface IGF-1R, i.e. squamous cell carcinoma, etc., possibly providing a means for early detection of occult neoplasia.<ref>M. He, J. Crow, M Roth, Y. Zeng and A. K. Godwin, Lab Chip, 2014. Manuscript accepted for publication. DOI: 10.1039/C4LC00662C</ref><br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are:<ref name="first"></ref><ref name="sixth"></ref><br />
<br />
* to reduce the sample volume substantially<br />
* to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples<br />
* to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates<br />
* to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment <br />
* they have been shown to be sensitive and specific, but also relatively quick in determination.<br />
* faster analysis<br />
* compact size<br />
* parallelization allowing for high-throughput analysis<br />
* low fabrication cost<br />
* safe platform for chemical, biologic, and radioactive studies<br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
Some of the disadvantages of LOCs are:<ref name ="sixth"></ref><br />
* novel technology and therefore not yet fully developed<br />
* physical and chemical effects—like capillary forces, surface roughness, chemical interactions of construction materials on reaction processes—become more dominant on small-scale. This can sometimes make processes in LOCs more complex than in conventional lab equipment<br />
* detection principles may not always scale down in a positive way, leading to low signal to noise ratios<br />
* although the absolute geometric accuracies and precision in micro-fabrication are high, they are often rather poor in a relative way, compared to precision engineering for instance.<br />
<br />
== Applications ==<br />
<br />
There are numerous existing and potential applications for LOC in healthcare informatics as components of clinical integration and innovation. The data from these determinations could be easily incorporated into PHR and EHR databases as highly structured data. Examples include:<br />
* Glucometer<br />
* At home pregnancy tests<br />
* Chemotaxis assays<br />
* Organ on a Chip functionalities<br />
* Non-invasive cancer screening - "Liquid biopsy"<br />
* Serum chemistry and hematology determinations<br />
* Serum toxicology screening<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
<br />
Submitted by (David M. H. Lambert)<br />
<br />
[[Category:BMI512-FALL-14]]</div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T19:15:41Z<p>Lambertd: /* Use */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip (LOC) is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
LOC's are mostly manufactured via photolithography.<ref name="sixth">Lab-on-a-chip - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip</ref> The physical chip devices have been constructed from an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments resulting in set of micro-channels etched or molded into a material.<ref>Microfluidics and microfluidic devices: a review | Elveflow microfluidic instruments [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-reviews-and-tutorials/microfluidics-and-microfluidic-devices-a-review.</ref> Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, it's hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials may be achieved reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic flow occurs primarily through electroosmotic flow but also pressure drive flow via micro-pumping mechanisms.<ref>1. Microfluidic Flow. Fundamentals of Microfluidics and Lab on a Chip for Biological Analysis and Discovery [Internet]. CRC Press; 2010 [cited 2014 Oct 27]. p. 47–86. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15110-4</ref> LOC's function through the phased introduction of reagents into a matrix of micro-flow channels resulting in a qualitative or quantitative determination.<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
LOCs often times replicate the same capability as macro-scale assays which may have resulted in their limited use. However, the size and portability of these devices does have compelling advantages and in some instances they are the only possible solution. µTAS systems already in use, such as home use pregnancy tests and/or glucometers, have enjoyed great acceptance and usage by the public. Sackmann et al group these devices into 3 broad categories: diagnostic devices for low resource settings, rapid processing of biofluids for research and clinical applications, and more physiologically relevant in vitro models for drug discovery, diagnostics, and research applications. Examples of which include ELISA-like assays for HIV, purification of neutrophils, and in vitro simulation of organs to wit "organ on a chip" for drug development, respectively.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
µTAS systems are also showing promise in non-invasive diagnosis of cancers that are difficult to detect. He et al have shown that microfluidic circuits can effectively isolate exosomes from plasma samples of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The exosomes are bound by antibody for insulin growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) attached to micro-magnetic spheres allowing for isolation and identification, followed by lysis and determination by immunofluorescence of protein contents. This same process, known as "liquid biopsy", may prove equally as sensitive and specific for other epithelial neoplasms which also produce exosomes with surface IGF-1R, i.e. squamous cell carcinoma, etc., possibly providing a means for early detection of occult neoplasia.<ref>M. He, J. Crow, M Roth, Y. Zeng and A. K. Godwin, Lab Chip, 2014. Manuscript accepted for publication. DOI: 10.1039/C4LC00662C</ref><br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are:<ref name="first"></ref><ref name="sixth"></ref><br />
<br />
* to reduce the sample volume substantially<br />
* to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples<br />
* to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates<br />
* to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment <br />
* they have been shown to be sensitive and specific, but also relatively quick in determination.<br />
* faster analysis<br />
* compact size<br />
* parallelization allowing for high-throughput analysis<br />
* low fabrication cost<br />
* safe platform for chemical, biologic, and radioactive studies<br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
Some of the disadvantages of LOCs are:<ref name ="sixth"></ref><br />
* novel technology and therefore not yet fully developed<br />
* physical and chemical effects—like capillary forces, surface roughness, chemical interactions of construction materials on reaction processes—become more dominant on small-scale. This can sometimes make processes in LOCs more complex than in conventional lab equipment<br />
* detection principles may not always scale down in a positive way, leading to low signal to noise ratios<br />
* although the absolute geometric accuracies and precision in micro-fabrication are high, they are often rather poor in a relative way, compared to precision engineering for instance.<br />
<br />
== Applications ==<br />
<br />
There are numerous existing and potential applications for LOC in healthcare informatics as components of clinical integration and innovation. The data from these determinations could be easily incorporated into PHR and EHR databases as highly structured data. Examples include:<br />
* Glucometer<br />
* At home pregnancy tests<br />
* Chemotaxis assays<br />
* Organ on a Chip functionalities<br />
* Non-invasive cancer screening - "Liquid biopsy"<br />
* Serum chemistry and hematology determinations<br />
* Serum toxicology screening<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
<br />
Submitted by (David M. H. Lambert)<br />
<br />
[[Category:BMI512-FALL-14]]</div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T19:13:26Z<p>Lambertd: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip (LOC) is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
LOC's are mostly manufactured via photolithography.<ref name="sixth">Lab-on-a-chip - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip</ref> The physical chip devices have been constructed from an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments resulting in set of micro-channels etched or molded into a material.<ref>Microfluidics and microfluidic devices: a review | Elveflow microfluidic instruments [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-reviews-and-tutorials/microfluidics-and-microfluidic-devices-a-review.</ref> Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, it's hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials may be achieved reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic flow occurs primarily through electroosmotic flow but also pressure drive flow via micro-pumping mechanisms.<ref>1. Microfluidic Flow. Fundamentals of Microfluidics and Lab on a Chip for Biological Analysis and Discovery [Internet]. CRC Press; 2010 [cited 2014 Oct 27]. p. 47–86. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15110-4</ref> LOC's function through the phased introduction of reagents into a matrix of micro-flow channels resulting in a qualitative or quantitative determination.<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
LOCs often times replicate the same capability as macro-scale assays which may have resulted in their limited use. However, the size and portability of these devices does have compelling advantages and in some instances they are the only possible solution. µTAS systems already in use, such as home use pregnancy tests and/or glucometers, have enjoyed great acceptance and usage by the public. Sackmann et al group these devices into 3 broad categories: diagnostic devices for low resource settings, rapid processing of biofluids for research and clinical applications, and more physiologically relevant in vitro models for drug discovery, diagnostics, and research applications. Examples of which include ELISA-like assays for HIV, purification of neutrophils, and in vitro simulation of organs to wit "organ on a chip" for drug development, respectively.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
µTAS systems are also showing promise in non-invasive diagnosis of cancers that are difficult to detect. He et al have shown that microfluidic circuits can effectively isolate exosomes from plasma samples of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The exosomes are bound by antibody for insulin growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) attached to micro-magnetic spheres allowing for isolation and identification, followed by lysis and determination by immunofluorescence of protein contents. This same process, known as "liquid biopsy", may prove equally as sensitive and specific for other epithelial neoplasms which also produce exosomes with surface IGF-1R, i.e. squamous cell carcinoma, etc., possibly providing a means for early detection of occult neoplasia.<ref>M. He, J. Crow, M Roth, Y. Zeng and A. K. Godwin, Lab Chip, 2014. DOI10.1039/C4LC00662C</ref><br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are:<ref name="first"></ref><ref name="sixth"></ref><br />
<br />
* to reduce the sample volume substantially<br />
* to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples<br />
* to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates<br />
* to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment <br />
* they have been shown to be sensitive and specific, but also relatively quick in determination.<br />
* faster analysis<br />
* compact size<br />
* parallelization allowing for high-throughput analysis<br />
* low fabrication cost<br />
* safe platform for chemical, biologic, and radioactive studies<br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
Some of the disadvantages of LOCs are:<ref name ="sixth"></ref><br />
* novel technology and therefore not yet fully developed<br />
* physical and chemical effects—like capillary forces, surface roughness, chemical interactions of construction materials on reaction processes—become more dominant on small-scale. This can sometimes make processes in LOCs more complex than in conventional lab equipment<br />
* detection principles may not always scale down in a positive way, leading to low signal to noise ratios<br />
* although the absolute geometric accuracies and precision in micro-fabrication are high, they are often rather poor in a relative way, compared to precision engineering for instance.<br />
<br />
== Applications ==<br />
<br />
There are numerous existing and potential applications for LOC in healthcare informatics as components of clinical integration and innovation. The data from these determinations could be easily incorporated into PHR and EHR databases as highly structured data. Examples include:<br />
* Glucometer<br />
* At home pregnancy tests<br />
* Chemotaxis assays<br />
* Organ on a Chip functionalities<br />
* Non-invasive cancer screening - "Liquid biopsy"<br />
* Serum chemistry and hematology determinations<br />
* Serum toxicology screening<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
<br />
Submitted by (David M. H. Lambert)<br />
<br />
[[Category:BMI512-FALL-14]]</div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T19:11:36Z<p>Lambertd: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip (LOC) is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
LOC's are mostly manufactured via photolithography.<ref name="sixth">Lab-on-a-chip - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip</ref> The physical chip devices have been constructed from an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments resulting in set of micro-channels etched or molded into a material.<ref>Microfluidics and microfluidic devices: a review | Elveflow microfluidic instruments [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-reviews-and-tutorials/microfluidics-and-microfluidic-devices-a-review.</ref> Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, it's hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials may be achieved reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic flow occurs primarily through electroosmotic flow but also pressure drive flow via micro-pumping mechanisms.<ref>1. Microfluidic Flow. Fundamentals of Microfluidics and Lab on a Chip for Biological Analysis and Discovery [Internet]. CRC Press; 2010 [cited 2014 Oct 27]. p. 47–86. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15110-4</ref> LOC's function through the phased introduction of reagents into a matrix of micro-flow channels resulting in a qualitative or quantitative determination.<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
LOCs often times replicate the same capability as macro-scale assays which may have resulted in their limited use. However, the size and portability of these devices does have compelling advantages and in some instances they are the only possible solution. µTAS systems already in use, such as home use pregnancy tests and/or glucometers, have enjoyed great acceptance and usage by the public. Sackmann et al group these devices into 3 broad categories: diagnostic devices for low resource settings, rapid processing of biofluids for research and clinical applications, and more physiologically relevant in vitro models for drug discovery, diagnostics, and research applications. Examples of which include ELISA-like assays for HIV, purification of neutrophils, and in vitro simulation of organs to wit "organ on a chip" for drug development, respectively.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
µTAS systems are also showing promise in non-invasive diagnosis of cancers that are difficult to detect. He et al have shown that microfluidic circuits can effectively isolate exosomes from plasma samples of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The exosomes are bound by antibody for insulin growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) attached to micro-magnetic spheres allowing for isolation and identification, followed by lysis and determination by immunofluorescence of protein contents. This same process, known as "liquid biopsy", may prove equally as sensitive and specific for other epithelial neoplasms which also produce exosomes with surface IGF-1R, i.e. squamous cell carcinoma, etc., possibly providing a means for early detection of occult neoplasia.<ref>M. He, J. Crow, M Roth, Y. Zeng and A. K. Godwin, Lab Chip, 2014. DOI10.1039/C4LC00662C</ref><br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are:<ref name="first"></ref><ref name="sixth"></ref><br />
<br />
* to reduce the sample volume substantially<br />
* to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples<br />
* to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates<br />
* to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment <br />
* they have been shown to be sensitive and specific, but also relatively quick in determination.<br />
* faster analysis<br />
* compact size<br />
* parallelization allowing for high-throughput analysis<br />
* low fabrication cost<br />
* safe platform for chemical, biologic, and radioactive studies<br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
Some of the disadvantages of LOCs are:<ref name ="sixth"></ref><br />
* novel technology and therefore not yet fully developed<br />
* physical and chemical effects—like capillary forces, surface roughness, chemical interactions of construction materials on reaction processes—become more dominant on small-scale. This can sometimes make processes in LOCs more complex than in conventional lab equipment<br />
* detection principles may not always scale down in a positive way, leading to low signal to noise ratios<br />
* although the absolute geometric accuracies and precision in micro-fabrication are high, they are often rather poor in a relative way, compared to precision engineering for instance.<br />
<br />
== Applications ==<br />
<br />
There are numerous existing and potential applications for LOC in healthcare informatics as components of clinical integration and innovation. The data from these determinations could be easily incorporated into PHR and EHR databases as highly structured data. Examples include:<br />
* Glucometer<br />
* At home pregnancy tests<br />
* Chemotaxis assays<br />
* Organ on a Chip functionalities<br />
* Non-invasive cancer screening - "Liquid biopsy"<br />
* Serum chemistry and hematology determinations<br />
* Serum toxicology screening<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
Submitted by (David M. H. Lambert)<br />
<br />
[[Category:BMI512-FALL-14]]</div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T19:09:44Z<p>Lambertd: /* Applications */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip (LOC) is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
LOC's are mostly manufactured via photolithography.<ref name="sixth">Lab-on-a-chip - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip</ref> The physical chip devices have been constructed from an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments resulting in set of micro-channels etched or molded into a material.<ref>Microfluidics and microfluidic devices: a review | Elveflow microfluidic instruments [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-reviews-and-tutorials/microfluidics-and-microfluidic-devices-a-review.</ref> Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, it's hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials may be achieved reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic flow occurs primarily through electroosmotic flow but also pressure drive flow via micro-pumping mechanisms.<ref>1. Microfluidic Flow. Fundamentals of Microfluidics and Lab on a Chip for Biological Analysis and Discovery [Internet]. CRC Press; 2010 [cited 2014 Oct 27]. p. 47–86. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15110-4</ref> LOC's function through the phased introduction of reagents into a matrix of micro-flow channels resulting in a qualitative or quantitative determination.<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
LOCs often times replicate the same capability as macro-scale assays which may have resulted in their limited use. However, the size and portability of these devices does have compelling advantages and in some instances they are the only possible solution. µTAS systems already in use, such as home use pregnancy tests and/or glucometers, have enjoyed great acceptance and usage by the public. Sackmann et al group these devices into 3 broad categories: diagnostic devices for low resource settings, rapid processing of biofluids for research and clinical applications, and more physiologically relevant in vitro models for drug discovery, diagnostics, and research applications. Examples of which include ELISA-like assays for HIV, purification of neutrophils, and in vitro simulation of organs to wit "organ on a chip" for drug development, respectively.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
µTAS systems are also showing promise in non-invasive diagnosis of cancers that are difficult to detect. He et al have shown that microfluidic circuits can effectively isolate exosomes from plasma samples of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The exosomes are bound by antibody for insulin growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) attached to micro-magnetic spheres allowing for isolation and identification, followed by lysis and determination by immunofluorescence of protein contents. This same process, known as "liquid biopsy", may prove equally as sensitive and specific for other epithelial neoplasms which also produce exosomes with surface IGF-1R, i.e. squamous cell carcinoma, etc., possibly providing a means for early detection of occult neoplasia.<ref>M. He, J. Crow, M Roth, Y. Zeng and A. K. Godwin, Lab Chip, 2014. DOI10.1039/C4LC00662C</ref><br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are:<ref name="first"></ref><ref name="sixth"></ref><br />
<br />
* to reduce the sample volume substantially<br />
* to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples<br />
* to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates<br />
* to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment <br />
* they have been shown to be sensitive and specific, but also relatively quick in determination.<br />
* faster analysis<br />
* compact size<br />
* parallelization allowing for high-throughput analysis<br />
* low fabrication cost<br />
* safe platform for chemical, biologic, and radioactive studies<br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
Some of the disadvantages of LOCs are:<ref name ="sixth"></ref><br />
* novel technology and therefore not yet fully developed<br />
* physical and chemical effects—like capillary forces, surface roughness, chemical interactions of construction materials on reaction processes—become more dominant on small-scale. This can sometimes make processes in LOCs more complex than in conventional lab equipment<br />
* detection principles may not always scale down in a positive way, leading to low signal to noise ratios<br />
* although the absolute geometric accuracies and precision in micro-fabrication are high, they are often rather poor in a relative way, compared to precision engineering for instance.<br />
<br />
== Applications ==<br />
<br />
There are numerous existing and potential applications for LOC in healthcare informatics as components of clinical integration and innovation. The data from these determinations could be easily incorporated into PHR and EHR databases as highly structured data. Examples include:<br />
* Glucometer<br />
* At home pregnancy tests<br />
* Chemotaxis assays<br />
* Organ on a Chip functionalities<br />
* Non-invasive cancer screening - "Liquid biopsy"<br />
* Serum chemistry and hematology determinations<br />
* Serum toxicology screening<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T19:05:34Z<p>Lambertd: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip (LOC) is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
LOC's are mostly manufactured via photolithography.<ref name="sixth">Lab-on-a-chip - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip</ref> The physical chip devices have been constructed from an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments resulting in set of micro-channels etched or molded into a material.<ref>Microfluidics and microfluidic devices: a review | Elveflow microfluidic instruments [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-reviews-and-tutorials/microfluidics-and-microfluidic-devices-a-review.</ref> Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, it's hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials may be achieved reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic flow occurs primarily through electroosmotic flow but also pressure drive flow via micro-pumping mechanisms.<ref>1. Microfluidic Flow. Fundamentals of Microfluidics and Lab on a Chip for Biological Analysis and Discovery [Internet]. CRC Press; 2010 [cited 2014 Oct 27]. p. 47–86. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15110-4</ref> LOC's function through the phased introduction of reagents into a matrix of micro-flow channels resulting in a qualitative or quantitative determination.<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
LOCs often times replicate the same capability as macro-scale assays which may have resulted in their limited use. However, the size and portability of these devices does have compelling advantages and in some instances they are the only possible solution. µTAS systems already in use, such as home use pregnancy tests and/or glucometers, have enjoyed great acceptance and usage by the public. Sackmann et al group these devices into 3 broad categories: diagnostic devices for low resource settings, rapid processing of biofluids for research and clinical applications, and more physiologically relevant in vitro models for drug discovery, diagnostics, and research applications. Examples of which include ELISA-like assays for HIV, purification of neutrophils, and in vitro simulation of organs to wit "organ on a chip" for drug development, respectively.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
µTAS systems are also showing promise in non-invasive diagnosis of cancers that are difficult to detect. He et al have shown that microfluidic circuits can effectively isolate exosomes from plasma samples of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The exosomes are bound by antibody for insulin growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) attached to micro-magnetic spheres allowing for isolation and identification, followed by lysis and determination by immunofluorescence of protein contents. This same process, known as "liquid biopsy", may prove equally as sensitive and specific for other epithelial neoplasms which also produce exosomes with surface IGF-1R, i.e. squamous cell carcinoma, etc., possibly providing a means for early detection of occult neoplasia.<ref>M. He, J. Crow, M Roth, Y. Zeng and A. K. Godwin, Lab Chip, 2014. DOI10.1039/C4LC00662C</ref><br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are:<ref name="first"></ref><ref name="sixth"></ref><br />
<br />
* to reduce the sample volume substantially<br />
* to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples<br />
* to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates<br />
* to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment <br />
* they have been shown to be sensitive and specific, but also relatively quick in determination.<br />
* faster analysis<br />
* compact size<br />
* parallelization allowing for high-throughput analysis<br />
* low fabrication cost<br />
* safe platform for chemical, biologic, and radioactive studies<br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
Some of the disadvantages of LOCs are:<ref name ="sixth"></ref><br />
* novel technology and therefore not yet fully developed<br />
* physical and chemical effects—like capillary forces, surface roughness, chemical interactions of construction materials on reaction processes—become more dominant on small-scale. This can sometimes make processes in LOCs more complex than in conventional lab equipment<br />
* detection principles may not always scale down in a positive way, leading to low signal to noise ratios<br />
* although the absolute geometric accuracies and precision in micro-fabrication are high, they are often rather poor in a relative way, compared to precision engineering for instance.<br />
<br />
== Applications ==<br />
<br />
There are numerous existing and potential applications for LOC in healthcare informatics as components of clinical integration and innovation:<br />
* Glucometer<br />
* At home pregnancy tests<br />
* Chemotaxis assays<br />
* Organ on a Chip functionalities<br />
* Non-invasive cancer screening - "Liquid biopsy"<br />
* Serum chemistry and hematology determinations<br />
* Serum toxicology screening<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T18:49:09Z<p>Lambertd: /* Advantages */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip (LOC) is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
LOC's are mostly manufactured via photolithography.<ref name="sixth">Lab-on-a-chip - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip</ref> The physical chip devices have been constructed from an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments resulting in set of micro-channels etched or molded into a material.<ref>Microfluidics and microfluidic devices: a review | Elveflow microfluidic instruments [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-reviews-and-tutorials/microfluidics-and-microfluidic-devices-a-review.</ref> Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, it's hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials may be achieved reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic flow occurs primarily through electroosmotic flow but also pressure drive flow via micro-pumping mechanisms.<ref>1. Microfluidic Flow. Fundamentals of Microfluidics and Lab on a Chip for Biological Analysis and Discovery [Internet]. CRC Press; 2010 [cited 2014 Oct 27]. p. 47–86. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15110-4</ref> LOC's function through the phased introduction of reagents into a matrix of micro-flow channels resulting in a qualitative or quantitative determination.<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
LOCs often times replicate the same capability as macro-scale assays which may have resulted in their limited use. However, the size and portability of these devices does have compelling advantages and in some instances they are the only possible solution. µTAS systems already in use, such as home use pregnancy tests and/or glucometers, have enjoyed great acceptance and usage by the public. Sackmann et al group these devices into 3 broad categories: diagnostic devices for low resource settings, rapid processing of biofluids for research and clinical applications, and more physiologically relevant in vitro models for drug discovery, diagnostics, and research applications. Examples of which include ELISA-like assays for HIV, purification of neutrophils, and in vitro simulation of organs to wit "organ on a chip" for drug development, respectively.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
µTAS systems are also showing promise in non-invasive diagnosis of cancers that are difficult to detect. He et al have shown that microfluidic circuits can effectively isolate exosomes from plasma samples of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The exosomes are bound by antibody for insulin growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) attached to micro-magnetic spheres allowing for isolation and identification, followed by lysis and determination by immunofluorescence of protein contents. This same process, known as "liquid biopsy", may prove equally as sensitive and specific for other epithelial neoplasms which also produce exosomes with surface IGF-1R, i.e. squamous cell carcinoma, etc., possibly providing a means for early detection of occult neoplasia.<ref>M. He, J. Crow, M Roth, Y. Zeng and A. K. Godwin, Lab Chip, 2014. DOI10.1039/C4LC00662C</ref><br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are:<ref name="first"></ref><ref name="sixth"></ref><br />
<br />
* to reduce the sample volume substantially<br />
* to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples<br />
* to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates<br />
* to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment <br />
* they have been shown to be sensitive and specific, but also relatively quick in determination.<br />
* faster analysis<br />
* compact size<br />
* parallelization allowing for high-throughput analysis<br />
* low fabrication cost<br />
* safe platform for chemical, biologic, and radioactive studies<br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
Some of the disadvantages of LOCs are:<ref name ="sixth"></ref><br />
* novel technology and therefore not yet fully developed<br />
* physical and chemical effects—like capillary forces, surface roughness, chemical interactions of construction materials on reaction processes—become more dominant on small-scale. This can sometimes make processes in LOCs more complex than in conventional lab equipment<br />
* detection principles may not always scale down in a positive way, leading to low signal to noise ratios<br />
* although the absolute geometric accuracies and precision in microfabrication are high, they are often rather poor in a relative way, compared to precision engineering for instance.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T18:44:40Z<p>Lambertd: /* Shortcomings */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip (LOC) is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
LOC's are mostly manufactured via photolithography.<ref name="sixth">Lab-on-a-chip - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip</ref> The physical chip devices have been constructed from an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments resulting in set of micro-channels etched or molded into a material.<ref>Microfluidics and microfluidic devices: a review | Elveflow microfluidic instruments [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-reviews-and-tutorials/microfluidics-and-microfluidic-devices-a-review.</ref> Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, it's hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials may be achieved reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic flow occurs primarily through electroosmotic flow but also pressure drive flow via micro-pumping mechanisms.<ref>1. Microfluidic Flow. Fundamentals of Microfluidics and Lab on a Chip for Biological Analysis and Discovery [Internet]. CRC Press; 2010 [cited 2014 Oct 27]. p. 47–86. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15110-4</ref> LOC's function through the phased introduction of reagents into a matrix of micro-flow channels resulting in a qualitative or quantitative determination.<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
LOCs often times replicate the same capability as macro-scale assays which may have resulted in their limited use. However, the size and portability of these devices does have compelling advantages and in some instances they are the only possible solution. µTAS systems already in use, such as home use pregnancy tests and/or glucometers, have enjoyed great acceptance and usage by the public. Sackmann et al group these devices into 3 broad categories: diagnostic devices for low resource settings, rapid processing of biofluids for research and clinical applications, and more physiologically relevant in vitro models for drug discovery, diagnostics, and research applications. Examples of which include ELISA-like assays for HIV, purification of neutrophils, and in vitro simulation of organs to wit "organ on a chip" for drug development, respectively.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
µTAS systems are also showing promise in non-invasive diagnosis of cancers that are difficult to detect. He et al have shown that microfluidic circuits can effectively isolate exosomes from plasma samples of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The exosomes are bound by antibody for insulin growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) attached to micro-magnetic spheres allowing for isolation and identification, followed by lysis and determination by immunofluorescence of protein contents. This same process, known as "liquid biopsy", may prove equally as sensitive and specific for other epithelial neoplasms which also produce exosomes with surface IGF-1R, i.e. squamous cell carcinoma, etc., possibly providing a means for early detection of occult neoplasia.<ref>M. He, J. Crow, M Roth, Y. Zeng and A. K. Godwin, Lab Chip, 2014. DOI10.1039/C4LC00662C</ref><br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are:<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
* to reduce the sample volume substantially<br />
* to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples<br />
* to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates<br />
* to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment <br />
* they have been shown to be sensitive and specific, but also relatively quick in determination.<br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
Some of the disadvantages of LOCs are:<ref name ="sixth"></ref><br />
* novel technology and therefore not yet fully developed<br />
* physical and chemical effects—like capillary forces, surface roughness, chemical interactions of construction materials on reaction processes—become more dominant on small-scale. This can sometimes make processes in LOCs more complex than in conventional lab equipment<br />
* detection principles may not always scale down in a positive way, leading to low signal to noise ratios<br />
* although the absolute geometric accuracies and precision in microfabrication are high, they are often rather poor in a relative way, compared to precision engineering for instance.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T18:43:42Z<p>Lambertd: /* Shortcomings */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip (LOC) is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
LOC's are mostly manufactured via photolithography.<ref name="sixth">Lab-on-a-chip - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip</ref> The physical chip devices have been constructed from an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments resulting in set of micro-channels etched or molded into a material.<ref>Microfluidics and microfluidic devices: a review | Elveflow microfluidic instruments [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-reviews-and-tutorials/microfluidics-and-microfluidic-devices-a-review.</ref> Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, it's hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials may be achieved reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic flow occurs primarily through electroosmotic flow but also pressure drive flow via micro-pumping mechanisms.<ref>1. Microfluidic Flow. Fundamentals of Microfluidics and Lab on a Chip for Biological Analysis and Discovery [Internet]. CRC Press; 2010 [cited 2014 Oct 27]. p. 47–86. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15110-4</ref> LOC's function through the phased introduction of reagents into a matrix of micro-flow channels resulting in a qualitative or quantitative determination.<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
LOCs often times replicate the same capability as macro-scale assays which may have resulted in their limited use. However, the size and portability of these devices does have compelling advantages and in some instances they are the only possible solution. µTAS systems already in use, such as home use pregnancy tests and/or glucometers, have enjoyed great acceptance and usage by the public. Sackmann et al group these devices into 3 broad categories: diagnostic devices for low resource settings, rapid processing of biofluids for research and clinical applications, and more physiologically relevant in vitro models for drug discovery, diagnostics, and research applications. Examples of which include ELISA-like assays for HIV, purification of neutrophils, and in vitro simulation of organs to wit "organ on a chip" for drug development, respectively.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
µTAS systems are also showing promise in non-invasive diagnosis of cancers that are difficult to detect. He et al have shown that microfluidic circuits can effectively isolate exosomes from plasma samples of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The exosomes are bound by antibody for insulin growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) attached to micro-magnetic spheres allowing for isolation and identification, followed by lysis and determination by immunofluorescence of protein contents. This same process, known as "liquid biopsy", may prove equally as sensitive and specific for other epithelial neoplasms which also produce exosomes with surface IGF-1R, i.e. squamous cell carcinoma, etc., possibly providing a means for early detection of occult neoplasia.<ref>M. He, J. Crow, M Roth, Y. Zeng and A. K. Godwin, Lab Chip, 2014. DOI10.1039/C4LC00662C</ref><br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are:<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
* to reduce the sample volume substantially<br />
* to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples<br />
* to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates<br />
* to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment <br />
* they have been shown to be sensitive and specific, but also relatively quick in determination.<br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
Some of the disadvantages of LOCs are:<ref="sixth"></ref><br />
* novel technology and therefore not yet fully developed<br />
* physical and chemical effects—like capillary forces, surface roughness, chemical interactions of construction materials on reaction processes—become more dominant on small-scale. This can sometimes make processes in LOCs more complex than in conventional lab equipment<br />
* detection principles may not always scale down in a positive way, leading to low signal to noise ratios<br />
* although the absolute geometric accuracies and precision in microfabrication are high, they are often rather poor in a relative way, compared to precision engineering for instance.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T18:43:04Z<p>Lambertd: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip (LOC) is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
LOC's are mostly manufactured via photolithography.<ref name="sixth">Lab-on-a-chip - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip</ref> The physical chip devices have been constructed from an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments resulting in set of micro-channels etched or molded into a material.<ref>Microfluidics and microfluidic devices: a review | Elveflow microfluidic instruments [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-reviews-and-tutorials/microfluidics-and-microfluidic-devices-a-review.</ref> Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, it's hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials may be achieved reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic flow occurs primarily through electroosmotic flow but also pressure drive flow via micro-pumping mechanisms.<ref>1. Microfluidic Flow. Fundamentals of Microfluidics and Lab on a Chip for Biological Analysis and Discovery [Internet]. CRC Press; 2010 [cited 2014 Oct 27]. p. 47–86. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15110-4</ref> LOC's function through the phased introduction of reagents into a matrix of micro-flow channels resulting in a qualitative or quantitative determination.<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
LOCs often times replicate the same capability as macro-scale assays which may have resulted in their limited use. However, the size and portability of these devices does have compelling advantages and in some instances they are the only possible solution. µTAS systems already in use, such as home use pregnancy tests and/or glucometers, have enjoyed great acceptance and usage by the public. Sackmann et al group these devices into 3 broad categories: diagnostic devices for low resource settings, rapid processing of biofluids for research and clinical applications, and more physiologically relevant in vitro models for drug discovery, diagnostics, and research applications. Examples of which include ELISA-like assays for HIV, purification of neutrophils, and in vitro simulation of organs to wit "organ on a chip" for drug development, respectively.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
µTAS systems are also showing promise in non-invasive diagnosis of cancers that are difficult to detect. He et al have shown that microfluidic circuits can effectively isolate exosomes from plasma samples of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The exosomes are bound by antibody for insulin growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) attached to micro-magnetic spheres allowing for isolation and identification, followed by lysis and determination by immunofluorescence of protein contents. This same process, known as "liquid biopsy", may prove equally as sensitive and specific for other epithelial neoplasms which also produce exosomes with surface IGF-1R, i.e. squamous cell carcinoma, etc., possibly providing a means for early detection of occult neoplasia.<ref>M. He, J. Crow, M Roth, Y. Zeng and A. K. Godwin, Lab Chip, 2014. DOI10.1039/C4LC00662C</ref><br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are:<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
* to reduce the sample volume substantially<br />
* to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples<br />
* to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates<br />
* to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment <br />
* they have been shown to be sensitive and specific, but also relatively quick in determination.<br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
Some of the disadvantages of LOCs are:<br />
* novel technology and therefore not yet fully developed<br />
* physical and chemical effects—like capillary forces, surface roughness, chemical interactions of construction materials on reaction processes—become more dominant on small-scale. This can sometimes make processes in LOCs more complex than in conventional lab equipment<br />
* detection principles may not always scale down in a positive way, leading to low signal to noise ratios<br />
* although the absolute geometric accuracies and precision in microfabrication are high, they are often rather poor in a relative way, compared to precision engineering for instance.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T18:41:11Z<p>Lambertd: /* Advantages */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip (LOC) is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
LOC's are mostly manufactured via photolithography.<ref>Lab-on-a-chip - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip</ref> The physical chip devices have been constructed from an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments resulting in set of micro-channels etched or molded into a material.<ref>Microfluidics and microfluidic devices: a review | Elveflow microfluidic instruments [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-reviews-and-tutorials/microfluidics-and-microfluidic-devices-a-review.</ref> Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, it's hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials may be achieved reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic flow occurs primarily through electroosmotic flow but also pressure drive flow via micro-pumping mechanisms.<ref>1. Microfluidic Flow. Fundamentals of Microfluidics and Lab on a Chip for Biological Analysis and Discovery [Internet]. CRC Press; 2010 [cited 2014 Oct 27]. p. 47–86. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15110-4</ref> LOC's function through the phased introduction of reagents into a matrix of micro-flow channels resulting in a qualitative or quantitative determination.<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
LOCs often times replicate the same capability as macro-scale assays which may have resulted in their limited use. However, the size and portability of these devices does have compelling advantages and in some instances they are the only possible solution. µTAS systems already in use, such as home use pregnancy tests and/or glucometers, have enjoyed great acceptance and usage by the public. Sackmann et al group these devices into 3 broad categories: diagnostic devices for low resource settings, rapid processing of biofluids for research and clinical applications, and more physiologically relevant in vitro models for drug discovery, diagnostics, and research applications. Examples of which include ELISA-like assays for HIV, purification of neutrophils, and in vitro simulation of organs to wit "organ on a chip" for drug development, respectively.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
µTAS systems are also showing promise in non-invasive diagnosis of cancers that are difficult to detect. He et al have shown that microfluidic circuits can effectively isolate exosomes from plasma samples of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The exosomes are bound by antibody for insulin growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) attached to micro-magnetic spheres allowing for isolation and identification, followed by lysis and determination by immunofluorescence of protein contents. This same process, known as "liquid biopsy", may prove equally as sensitive and specific for other epithelial neoplasms which also produce exosomes with surface IGF-1R, i.e. squamous cell carcinoma, etc., possibly providing a means for early detection of occult neoplasia.<ref>M. He, J. Crow, M Roth, Y. Zeng and A. K. Godwin, Lab Chip, 2014. DOI10.1039/C4LC00662C</ref><br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are:<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
* to reduce the sample volume substantially<br />
* to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples<br />
* to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates<br />
* to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment <br />
* they have been shown to be sensitive and specific, but also relatively quick in determination.<br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
Some of the disadvantages of LOCs are:<br />
* novel technology and therefore not yet fully developed<br />
* physical and chemical effects—like capillary forces, surface roughness, chemical interactions of construction materials on reaction processes—become more dominant on small-scale. This can sometimes make processes in LOCs more complex than in conventional lab equipment<br />
* detection principles may not always scale down in a positive way, leading to low signal to noise ratios<br />
* although the absolute geometric accuracies and precision in microfabrication are high, they are often rather poor in a relative way, compared to precision engineering for instance.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T18:38:23Z<p>Lambertd: /* Shortcomings */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip (LOC) is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
LOC's are mostly manufactured via photolithography.<ref>Lab-on-a-chip - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip</ref> The physical chip devices have been constructed from an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments resulting in set of micro-channels etched or molded into a material.<ref>Microfluidics and microfluidic devices: a review | Elveflow microfluidic instruments [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-reviews-and-tutorials/microfluidics-and-microfluidic-devices-a-review.</ref> Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, it's hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials may be achieved reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic flow occurs primarily through electroosmotic flow but also pressure drive flow via micro-pumping mechanisms.<ref>1. Microfluidic Flow. Fundamentals of Microfluidics and Lab on a Chip for Biological Analysis and Discovery [Internet]. CRC Press; 2010 [cited 2014 Oct 27]. p. 47–86. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15110-4</ref> LOC's function through the phased introduction of reagents into a matrix of micro-flow channels resulting in a qualitative or quantitative determination.<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
LOCs often times replicate the same capability as macro-scale assays which may have resulted in their limited use. However, the size and portability of these devices does have compelling advantages and in some instances they are the only possible solution. µTAS systems already in use, such as home use pregnancy tests and/or glucometers, have enjoyed great acceptance and usage by the public. Sackmann et al group these devices into 3 broad categories: diagnostic devices for low resource settings, rapid processing of biofluids for research and clinical applications, and more physiologically relevant in vitro models for drug discovery, diagnostics, and research applications. Examples of which include ELISA-like assays for HIV, purification of neutrophils, and in vitro simulation of organs to wit "organ on a chip" for drug development, respectively.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
µTAS systems are also showing promise in non-invasive diagnosis of cancers that are difficult to detect. He et al have shown that microfluidic circuits can effectively isolate exosomes from plasma samples of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The exosomes are bound by antibody for insulin growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) attached to micro-magnetic spheres allowing for isolation and identification, followed by lysis and determination by immunofluorescence of protein contents. This same process, known as "liquid biopsy", may prove equally as sensitive and specific for other epithelial neoplasms which also produce exosomes with surface IGF-1R, i.e. squamous cell carcinoma, etc., possibly providing a means for early detection of occult neoplasia.<ref>M. He, J. Crow, M Roth, Y. Zeng and A. K. Godwin, Lab Chip, 2014. DOI10.1039/C4LC00662C</ref><br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are:<br />
<br />
* to reduce the sample volume substantially<br />
* to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples<br />
* to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates<br />
*to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref> They have been shown to be sensitive and specific, but also relatively quick in determination.<br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
Some of the disadvantages of LOCs are:<br />
* novel technology and therefore not yet fully developed<br />
* physical and chemical effects—like capillary forces, surface roughness, chemical interactions of construction materials on reaction processes—become more dominant on small-scale. This can sometimes make processes in LOCs more complex than in conventional lab equipment<br />
* detection principles may not always scale down in a positive way, leading to low signal to noise ratios<br />
* although the absolute geometric accuracies and precision in microfabrication are high, they are often rather poor in a relative way, compared to precision engineering for instance.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T18:37:29Z<p>Lambertd: /* Advantages */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip (LOC) is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
LOC's are mostly manufactured via photolithography.<ref>Lab-on-a-chip - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip</ref> The physical chip devices have been constructed from an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments resulting in set of micro-channels etched or molded into a material.<ref>Microfluidics and microfluidic devices: a review | Elveflow microfluidic instruments [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-reviews-and-tutorials/microfluidics-and-microfluidic-devices-a-review.</ref> Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, it's hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials may be achieved reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic flow occurs primarily through electroosmotic flow but also pressure drive flow via micro-pumping mechanisms.<ref>1. Microfluidic Flow. Fundamentals of Microfluidics and Lab on a Chip for Biological Analysis and Discovery [Internet]. CRC Press; 2010 [cited 2014 Oct 27]. p. 47–86. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15110-4</ref> LOC's function through the phased introduction of reagents into a matrix of micro-flow channels resulting in a qualitative or quantitative determination.<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
LOCs often times replicate the same capability as macro-scale assays which may have resulted in their limited use. However, the size and portability of these devices does have compelling advantages and in some instances they are the only possible solution. µTAS systems already in use, such as home use pregnancy tests and/or glucometers, have enjoyed great acceptance and usage by the public. Sackmann et al group these devices into 3 broad categories: diagnostic devices for low resource settings, rapid processing of biofluids for research and clinical applications, and more physiologically relevant in vitro models for drug discovery, diagnostics, and research applications. Examples of which include ELISA-like assays for HIV, purification of neutrophils, and in vitro simulation of organs to wit "organ on a chip" for drug development, respectively.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
µTAS systems are also showing promise in non-invasive diagnosis of cancers that are difficult to detect. He et al have shown that microfluidic circuits can effectively isolate exosomes from plasma samples of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The exosomes are bound by antibody for insulin growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) attached to micro-magnetic spheres allowing for isolation and identification, followed by lysis and determination by immunofluorescence of protein contents. This same process, known as "liquid biopsy", may prove equally as sensitive and specific for other epithelial neoplasms which also produce exosomes with surface IGF-1R, i.e. squamous cell carcinoma, etc., possibly providing a means for early detection of occult neoplasia.<ref>M. He, J. Crow, M Roth, Y. Zeng and A. K. Godwin, Lab Chip, 2014. DOI10.1039/C4LC00662C</ref><br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are:<br />
<br />
* to reduce the sample volume substantially<br />
* to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples<br />
* to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates<br />
*to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref> They have been shown to be sensitive and specific, but also relatively quick in determination.<br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
Some of the disadvantages of LOCs are:<br />
* novel technology and therefore not yet fully developed<br />
* physical and chemical effects—like capillary forces, surface roughness, chemical interactions of construction materials on reaction processes—become more dominant on small-scale. This can sometimes make processes in LOCs more complex than in conventional lab equipment<br />
* detection principles may not always scale down in a positive way, leading to low [[signal-to-noise ratio]]s<br />
* although the absolute geometric accuracies and precision in microfabrication are high, they are often rather poor in a relative way, compared to precision engineering for instance.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T18:35:05Z<p>Lambertd: /* Shortcomings */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip (LOC) is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
LOC's are mostly manufactured via photolithography.<ref>Lab-on-a-chip - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip</ref> The physical chip devices have been constructed from an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments resulting in set of micro-channels etched or molded into a material.<ref>Microfluidics and microfluidic devices: a review | Elveflow microfluidic instruments [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-reviews-and-tutorials/microfluidics-and-microfluidic-devices-a-review.</ref> Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, it's hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials may be achieved reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic flow occurs primarily through electroosmotic flow but also pressure drive flow via micro-pumping mechanisms.<ref>1. Microfluidic Flow. Fundamentals of Microfluidics and Lab on a Chip for Biological Analysis and Discovery [Internet]. CRC Press; 2010 [cited 2014 Oct 27]. p. 47–86. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15110-4</ref> LOC's function through the phased introduction of reagents into a matrix of micro-flow channels resulting in a qualitative or quantitative determination.<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
LOCs often times replicate the same capability as macro-scale assays which may have resulted in their limited use. However, the size and portability of these devices does have compelling advantages and in some instances they are the only possible solution. µTAS systems already in use, such as home use pregnancy tests and/or glucometers, have enjoyed great acceptance and usage by the public. Sackmann et al group these devices into 3 broad categories: diagnostic devices for low resource settings, rapid processing of biofluids for research and clinical applications, and more physiologically relevant in vitro models for drug discovery, diagnostics, and research applications. Examples of which include ELISA-like assays for HIV, purification of neutrophils, and in vitro simulation of organs to wit "organ on a chip" for drug development, respectively.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
µTAS systems are also showing promise in non-invasive diagnosis of cancers that are difficult to detect. He et al have shown that microfluidic circuits can effectively isolate exosomes from plasma samples of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The exosomes are bound by antibody for insulin growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) attached to micro-magnetic spheres allowing for isolation and identification, followed by lysis and determination by immunofluorescence of protein contents. This same process, known as "liquid biopsy", may prove equally as sensitive and specific for other epithelial neoplasms which also produce exosomes with surface IGF-1R, i.e. squamous cell carcinoma, etc., possibly providing a means for early detection of occult neoplasia.<ref>M. He, J. Crow, M Roth, Y. Zeng and A. K. Godwin, Lab Chip, 2014. DOI10.1039/C4LC00662C</ref><br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref> They have been shown to be sensitive and specific, but also relatively quick in determination.<br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
Some of the disadvantages of LOCs are:<br />
* novel technology and therefore not yet fully developed<br />
* physical and chemical effects—like capillary forces, surface roughness, chemical interactions of construction materials on reaction processes—become more dominant on small-scale. This can sometimes make processes in LOCs more complex than in conventional lab equipment<br />
* detection principles may not always scale down in a positive way, leading to low [[signal-to-noise ratio]]s<br />
* although the absolute geometric accuracies and precision in microfabrication are high, they are often rather poor in a relative way, compared to precision engineering for instance.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T18:26:59Z<p>Lambertd: /* Use */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip (LOC) is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
LOC's are mostly manufactured via photolithography.<ref>Lab-on-a-chip - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip</ref> The physical chip devices have been constructed from an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments resulting in set of micro-channels etched or molded into a material.<ref>Microfluidics and microfluidic devices: a review | Elveflow microfluidic instruments [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-reviews-and-tutorials/microfluidics-and-microfluidic-devices-a-review.</ref> Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, it's hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials may be achieved reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic flow occurs primarily through electroosmotic flow but also pressure drive flow via micro-pumping mechanisms.<ref>1. Microfluidic Flow. Fundamentals of Microfluidics and Lab on a Chip for Biological Analysis and Discovery [Internet]. CRC Press; 2010 [cited 2014 Oct 27]. p. 47–86. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15110-4</ref> LOC's function through the phased introduction of reagents into a matrix of micro-flow channels resulting in a qualitative or quantitative determination.<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
LOCs often times replicate the same capability as macro-scale assays which may have resulted in their limited use. However, the size and portability of these devices does have compelling advantages and in some instances they are the only possible solution. µTAS systems already in use, such as home use pregnancy tests and/or glucometers, have enjoyed great acceptance and usage by the public. Sackmann et al group these devices into 3 broad categories: diagnostic devices for low resource settings, rapid processing of biofluids for research and clinical applications, and more physiologically relevant in vitro models for drug discovery, diagnostics, and research applications. Examples of which include ELISA-like assays for HIV, purification of neutrophils, and in vitro simulation of organs to wit "organ on a chip" for drug development, respectively.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
µTAS systems are also showing promise in non-invasive diagnosis of cancers that are difficult to detect. He et al have shown that microfluidic circuits can effectively isolate exosomes from plasma samples of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The exosomes are bound by antibody for insulin growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) attached to micro-magnetic spheres allowing for isolation and identification, followed by lysis and determination by immunofluorescence of protein contents. This same process, known as "liquid biopsy", may prove equally as sensitive and specific for other epithelial neoplasms which also produce exosomes with surface IGF-1R, i.e. squamous cell carcinoma, etc., possibly providing a means for early detection of occult neoplasia.<ref>M. He, J. Crow, M Roth, Y. Zeng and A. K. Godwin, Lab Chip, 2014. DOI10.1039/C4LC00662C</ref><br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref> They have been shown to be sensitive and specific, but also relatively quick in determination.<br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T17:04:01Z<p>Lambertd: /* Advantages */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip (LOC) is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
LOC's are mostly manufactured via photolithography.<ref>Lab-on-a-chip - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip</ref> The physical chip devices have been constructed from an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments resulting in set of micro-channels etched or molded into a material.<ref>Microfluidics and microfluidic devices: a review | Elveflow microfluidic instruments [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-reviews-and-tutorials/microfluidics-and-microfluidic-devices-a-review.</ref> Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, it's hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials may be achieved reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic flow occurs primarily through electroosmotic flow but also pressure drive flow via micro-pumping mechanisms.<ref>1. Microfluidic Flow. Fundamentals of Microfluidics and Lab on a Chip for Biological Analysis and Discovery [Internet]. CRC Press; 2010 [cited 2014 Oct 27]. p. 47–86. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15110-4</ref> LOC's function through the phased introduction of reagents into a matrix of micro-flow channels resulting in a qualitative or quantitative determination.<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
LOCs often times replicate the same capability as macro-scale assays which may have resulted in their limited use. However, the size and portability of these devices does have compelling advantages and in some instances they are the only possible solution. µTAS systems already in use, such as home use pregnancy tests and/or glucometers, have enjoyed great acceptance and usage by the public. Sackmann et al group these devices into 3 broad categories: diagnostic devices for low resource settings, rapid processing of biofluids for research and clinical applications, and more physiologically relevant in vitro models for drug discovery, diagnostics, and research applications. Examples of which include ELISA-like assays for HIV, purification of neutrophils, and in vitro simulation of organs to wit "organ on a chip" for drug development, respectively.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref> They have been shown to be sensitive and specific, but also relatively quick in determination.<br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T17:02:54Z<p>Lambertd: /* Advantages */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip (LOC) is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
LOC's are mostly manufactured via photolithography.<ref>Lab-on-a-chip - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip</ref> The physical chip devices have been constructed from an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments resulting in set of micro-channels etched or molded into a material.<ref>Microfluidics and microfluidic devices: a review | Elveflow microfluidic instruments [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-reviews-and-tutorials/microfluidics-and-microfluidic-devices-a-review.</ref> Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, it's hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials may be achieved reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic flow occurs primarily through electroosmotic flow but also pressure drive flow via micro-pumping mechanisms.<ref>1. Microfluidic Flow. Fundamentals of Microfluidics and Lab on a Chip for Biological Analysis and Discovery [Internet]. CRC Press; 2010 [cited 2014 Oct 27]. p. 47–86. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15110-4</ref> LOC's function through the phased introduction of reagents into a matrix of micro-flow channels resulting in a qualitative or quantitative determination.<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
LOCs often times replicate the same capability as macro-scale assays which may have resulted in their limited use. However, the size and portability of these devices does have compelling advantages and in some instances they are the only possible solution. µTAS systems already in use, such as home use pregnancy tests and/or glucometers, have enjoyed great acceptance and usage by the public. Sackmann et al group these devices into 3 broad categories: diagnostic devices for low resource settings, rapid processing of biofluids for research and clinical applications, and more physiologically relevant in vitro models for drug discovery, diagnostics, and research applications. Examples of which include ELISA-like assays for HIV, purification of neutrophils, and in vitro simulation of organs to wit "organ on a chip" for drug development, respectively.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref> They have been shown to be sensitive and specific, but also relatively quick in determination.<br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records providing rapid, accurate, on-site assay determinations without the need for waiting or large volume samples.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T16:58:14Z<p>Lambertd: /* Advantages */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip (LOC) is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
LOC's are mostly manufactured via photolithography.<ref>Lab-on-a-chip - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip</ref> The physical chip devices have been constructed from an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments resulting in set of micro-channels etched or molded into a material.<ref>Microfluidics and microfluidic devices: a review | Elveflow microfluidic instruments [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-reviews-and-tutorials/microfluidics-and-microfluidic-devices-a-review.</ref> Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, it's hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials may be achieved reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic flow occurs primarily through electroosmotic flow but also pressure drive flow via micro-pumping mechanisms.<ref>1. Microfluidic Flow. Fundamentals of Microfluidics and Lab on a Chip for Biological Analysis and Discovery [Internet]. CRC Press; 2010 [cited 2014 Oct 27]. p. 47–86. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15110-4</ref> LOC's function through the phased introduction of reagents into a matrix of micro-flow channels resulting in a qualitative or quantitative determination.<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
LOCs often times replicate the same capability as macro-scale assays which may have resulted in their limited use. However, the size and portability of these devices does have compelling advantages and in some instances they are the only possible solution. µTAS systems already in use, such as home use pregnancy tests and/or glucometers, have enjoyed great acceptance and usage by the public. Sackmann et al group these devices into 3 broad categories: diagnostic devices for low resource settings, rapid processing of biofluids for research and clinical applications, and more physiologically relevant in vitro models for drug discovery, diagnostics, and research applications. Examples of which include ELISA-like assays for HIV, purification of neutrophils, and in vitro simulation of organs to wit "organ on a chip" for drug development, respectively.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref> They have been shown to be sensitive and specific, but also relatively quick in determination.<br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T16:56:38Z<p>Lambertd: /* Use */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip (LOC) is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
LOC's are mostly manufactured via photolithography.<ref>Lab-on-a-chip - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip</ref> The physical chip devices have been constructed from an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments resulting in set of micro-channels etched or molded into a material.<ref>Microfluidics and microfluidic devices: a review | Elveflow microfluidic instruments [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-reviews-and-tutorials/microfluidics-and-microfluidic-devices-a-review.</ref> Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, it's hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials may be achieved reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic flow occurs primarily through electroosmotic flow but also pressure drive flow via micro-pumping mechanisms.<ref>1. Microfluidic Flow. Fundamentals of Microfluidics and Lab on a Chip for Biological Analysis and Discovery [Internet]. CRC Press; 2010 [cited 2014 Oct 27]. p. 47–86. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15110-4</ref> LOC's function through the phased introduction of reagents into a matrix of micro-flow channels resulting in a qualitative or quantitative determination.<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
LOCs often times replicate the same capability as macro-scale assays which may have resulted in their limited use. However, the size and portability of these devices does have compelling advantages and in some instances they are the only possible solution. µTAS systems already in use, such as home use pregnancy tests and/or glucometers, have enjoyed great acceptance and usage by the public. Sackmann et al group these devices into 3 broad categories: diagnostic devices for low resource settings, rapid processing of biofluids for research and clinical applications, and more physiologically relevant in vitro models for drug discovery, diagnostics, and research applications. Examples of which include ELISA-like assays for HIV, purification of neutrophils, and in vitro simulation of organs to wit "organ on a chip" for drug development, respectively.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T16:48:08Z<p>Lambertd: /* Use */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip (LOC) is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
LOC's are mostly manufactured via photolithography.<ref>Lab-on-a-chip - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip</ref> The physical chip devices have been constructed from an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments resulting in set of micro-channels etched or molded into a material.<ref>Microfluidics and microfluidic devices: a review | Elveflow microfluidic instruments [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-reviews-and-tutorials/microfluidics-and-microfluidic-devices-a-review.</ref> Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, it's hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials may be achieved reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic flow occurs primarily through electroosmotic flow but also pressure drive flow via micro-pumping mechanisms.<ref>1. Microfluidic Flow. Fundamentals of Microfluidics and Lab on a Chip for Biological Analysis and Discovery [Internet]. CRC Press; 2010 [cited 2014 Oct 27]. p. 47–86. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15110-4</ref> LOC's function through the phased introduction of reagents into a matrix of micro-flow channels resulting in a qualitative or quantitative determination.<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
LOCs often times replicate the same capability as macro-scale assays which may have resulted in their limited use. However, the size and portability of these devices does have compelling advantages and in some instances they are the only possible solution. µTAS systems already in use, such as home use pregnancy tests and/or glucometers, have enjoyed great acceptance and usage by the public. Sackmann et al group these devices into 3 broad categories: diagnostic devices for low resource settings, rapid processing of biofluids for research and clinical applications, and more physiologically relevant in vitro models for drug discovery, diagnostics, and research applications. Examples of which include ELISA-like assays, purification of neutrophils, and in vitro simulation of organs to wit "organ on a chip" to assist in drug development, respectively.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T16:36:56Z<p>Lambertd: /* Use */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip (LOC) is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
LOC's are mostly manufactured via photolithography.<ref>Lab-on-a-chip - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip</ref> The physical chip devices have been constructed from an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments resulting in set of micro-channels etched or molded into a material.<ref>Microfluidics and microfluidic devices: a review | Elveflow microfluidic instruments [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-reviews-and-tutorials/microfluidics-and-microfluidic-devices-a-review.</ref> Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, it's hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials may be achieved reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic flow occurs primarily through electroosmotic flow but also pressure drive flow via micro-pumping mechanisms.<ref>1. Microfluidic Flow. Fundamentals of Microfluidics and Lab on a Chip for Biological Analysis and Discovery [Internet]. CRC Press; 2010 [cited 2014 Oct 27]. p. 47–86. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15110-4</ref> LOC's function through the phased introduction of reagents into a matrix of micro-flow channels resulting in a qualitative or quantitative determination.<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
LOCs often times replicate the same capability as macro-scale assays which may have resulted in their limited use. However, the size and portability of these devices does have compelling advantages. µTAS systems already in use, such as home use pregnancy tests and/or glucometers, have enjoyed great acceptance and usage by the public.<br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T16:34:56Z<p>Lambertd: /* Use */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip (LOC) is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
LOC's are mostly manufactured via photolithography.<ref>Lab-on-a-chip - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip</ref> The physical chip devices have been constructed from an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments resulting in set of micro-channels etched or molded into a material.<ref>Microfluidics and microfluidic devices: a review | Elveflow microfluidic instruments [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-reviews-and-tutorials/microfluidics-and-microfluidic-devices-a-review.</ref> Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, it's hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials may be achieved reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic flow occurs primarily through electroosmotic flow but also pressure drive flow via micro-pumping mechanisms.<ref>1. Microfluidic Flow. Fundamentals of Microfluidics and Lab on a Chip for Biological Analysis and Discovery [Internet]. CRC Press; 2010 [cited 2014 Oct 27]. p. 47–86. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15110-4</ref> LOC's function through the phased introduction of reagents into a matrix of micro-flow channels resulting in a qualitative or quantitative determination.<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
LOCs often times replicate the same capability as macro-scale assays which may have resulted in their limited use. However, the size and portability of these devices does have compelling advantages.<br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T04:14:44Z<p>Lambertd: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip (LOC) is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
LOC's are mostly manufactured via photolithography.<ref>Lab-on-a-chip - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip</ref> The physical chip devices have been constructed from an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments resulting in set of micro-channels etched or molded into a material.<ref>Microfluidics and microfluidic devices: a review | Elveflow microfluidic instruments [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-reviews-and-tutorials/microfluidics-and-microfluidic-devices-a-review.</ref> Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, it's hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials may be achieved reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic flow occurs primarily through electroosmotic flow but also pressure drive flow via micro-pumping mechanisms.<ref>1. Microfluidic Flow. Fundamentals of Microfluidics and Lab on a Chip for Biological Analysis and Discovery [Internet]. CRC Press; 2010 [cited 2014 Oct 27]. p. 47–86. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15110-4</ref> LOC's function through the phased introduction of reagents into a matrix of micro-flow channels resulting in a qualitative or quantitative determination.<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T03:51:09Z<p>Lambertd: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
Lab on Chips are mostly constructed via photolithography.<ref>Lab-on-a-chip - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip</ref> The physical chip devices have been constructed from an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments resulting in set of micro-channels etched or molded into a material.<ref>Microfluidics and microfluidic devices: a review | Elveflow microfluidic instruments [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-reviews-and-tutorials/microfluidics-and-microfluidic-devices-a-review.</ref> Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, it's hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials may be achieved reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T03:50:19Z<p>Lambertd: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
Lab on Chips are mostly constructed via photolithography.<ref>Lab-on-a-chip - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip</ref><br />
The physical chip devices have been constructed from an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments resulting in set of micro-channels etched or molded into a material.<ref>Microfluidics and microfluidic devices: a review | Elveflow microfluidic instruments [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-reviews-and-tutorials/microfluidics-and-microfluidic-devices-a-review.</ref> Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, it's hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials may be achieved reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T03:35:23Z<p>Lambertd: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
The physical chip devices have been constructed from an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments resulting in set of micro-channels etched or molded into a material.<ref>Microfluidics and microfluidic devices: a review | Elveflow microfluidic instruments [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-reviews-and-tutorials/microfluidics-and-microfluidic-devices-a-review.</ref> Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, it's hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials may be achieved reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T03:15:50Z<p>Lambertd: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
The physical chip devices have been constructed from an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, it's hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials may be achieved reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T03:11:27Z<p>Lambertd: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
The physical chip devices have been constructed by an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, they hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref> While PDMS enjoys many benefits, it has it's drawbacks - including adsorption of solute, leaching of uncrosslinked oligomers, and microevaporation of fluid due the porosity of the matrix.<ref name="first"></ref> Other materials such as thermoplastics, paper, and wax have situation specific use cases.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T02:51:50Z<p>Lambertd: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
The physical chip devices have been constructed by an array of materials including silicone and glass in "clean room" environments. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is currently the material du jour due to a number of compelling factors - it's cheap, it's easy to set-up, they hydrophillic surfaces are easily "tuned", it's bonding capabilities to dissimilar materials reversibly or irreversibly, and lastly it's elasticity, which is important for "valving" and "actuation".<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T02:33:41Z<p>Lambertd: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T02:33:04Z<p>Lambertd: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber - a microfluidic device.<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T00:47:20Z<p>Lambertd: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>1. Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1046:307–21.</ref><br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T00:44:02Z<p>Lambertd: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber.<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref><br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T00:43:10Z<p>Lambertd: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref> Further enhancements led to the development of the Zigmond Chamber<ref>Zigmond S.H. (1977). "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors". J. of Cell Biology 75 (2): 606–616.</ref>, the Dunn Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref> and the Insall Chamber<ref>Zicha D., Dunn G.A., Brown A.F. (1991). "A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber.". J Cell Sci 99: 769–75.</ref><br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T00:27:26Z<p>Lambertd: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T00:26:05Z<p>Lambertd: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref="first"></ref><br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T00:24:41Z<p>Lambertd: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of macrophages toward a chemoattractant. These were developed by Stephen Boyden and the contraption developed for the analysis was referred to as the Boyden chamber<ref name="second">Boyden S. The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1962;115(3):453–66.</ref> or the Transwell Assay.<ref>"first"</ref><br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-27T00:06:45Z<p>Lambertd: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
Microfluidic assays may ultimately end with a visual end-point. The first visual assays were chemotactic studies, monitoring the migration of cells toward a chemoattractant.<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-26T23:35:37Z<p>Lambertd: /* Advantages */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearable devices, coupled to devices for connectivity, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-26T23:25:42Z<p>Lambertd: /* Advantages */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
These devices are capable of performing qualitative and quantitative analyses without the need for equipment with a large footprint. More specifically, with further development, microfluidics holds the promise of providing the capability to perform analyses in context-specific settings without the need for large sample volumes nor the wait for determination. Lab on a Chip, as a platform, could become a major component in the further development of wearables, capable of communicating with personal health records or in an institutional setting, with electronic healthcare records.<br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-26T23:14:16Z<p>Lambertd: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref name="first">Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-26T23:12:43Z<p>Lambertd: /* Advantages */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref>Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref name="first"></ref><br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-26T22:57:21Z<p>Lambertd: /* Advantages */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref>Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref>(1)</ref><br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-26T22:56:24Z<p>Lambertd: /* Advantages */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref>Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref>Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertdhttp://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Lab_on_a_ChipLab on a Chip2014-10-26T22:51:10Z<p>Lambertd: /* Advantages */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Lab on a Chip is a form of micro-analytic processing referred to as microfluidics - a form of engineered fluid management on a micro scale which promises to improve diagnostics and research. These techniques are also referred to as "miniaturized total analytic systems" or µTAS. These techniques were first developed by the semi-conductor industry and later expanded by the micro-electromechanical systems field. <ref>Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):181–9.</ref><br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Advantages ==<br />
<br />
The advantages of Lab on a Chip microfluidic processing are: to reduce the sample volume substantially; to reduce the cost of reagents and maximize information gleaned from precious samples; to provide gains in scalability for screening applications and batch sample processing analogous to multi-well plates; and to provide the investigator with substantially more control and predictability of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the cell microenvironment.<ref>1<ref/><br />
<br />
== Shortcomings ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Lambertd